How can I calculate with floating point numbers instead of just integers?
BASH's builtin arithmetic uses integers only:
$ echo $((10/3)) 3
For most operations involving floating-point numbers, an external program must be used, e.g. bc, AWK or dc:
$ echo "scale=3; 10/3" | bc 3.333
The "scale=3" command notifies bc that three digits of precision after the decimal point are required.
Same example with dc (reversed polish calculator, lighter than bc):
$ echo "3 k 10 3 / p" | dc 3.333
k sets the precision to 3, and p prints the value of the top of the stack with a newline. The stack is not altered, though.
If you are trying to compare floating point numbers (less-than or greater-than), and you have GNU bc, you can do this:
# Bash if (( $(bc <<< "1.4 < 2.5") )); then echo "1.4 is less than 2.5." fi
However, x < y is not supported by all versions of bc:
# This would work with some versions, but not HP-UX 10.20. imadev:~$ bc <<< '1 < 2' syntax error on line 1,
If you want to be portable, you need something more subtle:
# POSIX case $(echo "1.4 - 2.5" | bc) in -*) echo "1.4 is less than 2.5";; esac
This example subtracts 2.5 from 1.4, and checks the sign of the result. If it is negative, the first number is less than the second. We aren't actually treating bc's output as a number; we're treating it as a string, and only looking at the first character.
Legacy (Bourne) version:
# Bourne case "`echo "1.4 - 2.5" | bc`" in -*) echo "1.4 is less than 2.5";; esac
AWK can be used for calculations, too:
$ awk 'BEGIN {printf "%.3f\n", 10 / 3}'
3.333There is a subtle but important difference between the bc and the awk solution here: bc reads commands and expressions from standard input. awk on the other hand evaluates the expression as part of the program. Expressions on standard input are not evaluated, i.e. echo 10/3 | awk '{print $0}' will print 10/3 instead of the evaluated result of the expression.
Newer versions of zsh and the KornShell have built-in floating point arithmetic, together with mathematical functions like sin() or cos(). So many of these calculations can be done natively in ksh:
# ksh93 $ echo $((3.00000000000/7)) 0.428571428571428571
Comparing two floating-point numbers for equality is actually an unwise thing to do; two calculations that should give the same result on paper may give ever-so-slightly-different floating-point numeric results due to rounding/truncation issues. If you wish to determine whether two floating-point numbers are "the same", you may either:
- Round them both to a desired level of precision, and then compare the rounded results for equality; or
Subtract one from the other and compare the absolute value of the difference against an epsilon value of your choice.
One of the very few things that Bash actually can do with floating-point numbers is round them, using printf:
# Bash 3.1 # See if a and b are close to each other. # Round each one to two decimal places and compare results as strings. a=3.002 b=2.998 printf -v a1 %.2f $a printf -v b1 %.2f $b if [[ $a1 = "$b1" ]]; then echo "a and b are the same, roughly"; fi
Caveat: Many problems that look like floating point arithmetic can in fact be solved using integers only, and thus do not require these tools -- e.g., problems dealing with rational numbers. For example, to check whether two numbers x and y are in a ratio of 4:3 or 16:9 you may use something along these lines:
# Bash # Variables x and y are integers if (( $x*9-$y*16==0 )) ; then echo "16:9." elif (( $x*3-$y*4==0 )) ; then echo "4:3." else echo "Neither 16:9 nor 4:3." fi
A more elaborate test could tell if the ratio is closest to 4:3 or 16:9 without using floating point arithmetic. Note that this very simple example that apparently involves floating point numbers and division is solved with integers and no division. If possible, it's usually more efficient to convert your problem to integer arithmetic than to use floating point arithmetic.